Abstract

The Indian freedom struggle was not merely a political revolution it was also an intellectual and cultural awakening articulated powerfully through literature. From the mid-nineteenth century to independence in 1947 Indian writers poets and journalists used creative expression as an instrument of resistance against colonial oppression. Literature became a site of ideological formation a vehicle of nationalist sentiment and a record of people’s aspirations for liberation. This paper explores how literature—both in English and in vernacular languages—reflected inspired and shaped the historical trajectory of India’s freedom movement. Through the writings of figures such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Rabindranath Tagore Mahatma Gandhi Premchand Subramania Bharati and Sarojini Naidu the paper analyzes how literature transformed the collective consciousness of the Indian people. It further examines the transition from romantic patriotism to political realism the regional diversities of ex