Abstract

Wastewater treatment has emerged as one of the most pressing scientific environmental and socio-economic challenges of the twenty-first century especially for countries confronting rapid urbanization industrialization and freshwater scarcity. A vast body of scholarly work has contributed to the development of advanced wastewater treatment technologies environmentally responsible practices and scientific methodologies capable of transforming polluted water into a sustainable resource. This research paper critically analyzes the contributions of major scholars who have shaped the field of wastewater treatment through breakthroughs in biological processes membrane technology microbial remediation advanced oxidation procedures and ecological engineering. Their work transcends disciplinary boundaries by integrating chemistry microbiology environmental engineering and sustainability science. The purpose of this analysis is to understand the theoretical foundations practical applications and