Abstract

Biotechnology—especially genetically modified (GM) crops—has emerged as a pivotal lever for advancing sustainable agriculture and food security. By integrating traits such as insect resistance herbicide tolerance drought tolerance and biofortification GM crops can mitigate on-farm losses improve input-use efficiency and stabilize yields under climatic stress. This paper reviews the scientific basis ecological and socioeconomic impacts and governance architectures shaping GM crop adoption across the world with a special focus on India. It synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed studies meta-analyses and country case studies (USA Brazil Argentina India China) to evaluate productivity farmer income pesticide use biodiversity effects and consumer acceptance. Scenario analyses illustrate how complementary innovations—precision breeding RNAi genome editing (CRISPR) digital agronomy—can compound benefits.