Abstract

Inflation defined as a persistent increase in the general price level of goods and services has remained a central concern for policymakers and economists due to its widespread economic and social implications. The interaction between economic policy instruments particularly monetary and fiscal policies and inflation dynamics has drawn substantial attention in both theoretical and applied economics. Monetary policies including interest rate adjustments open market operations and credit control directly influence money supply liquidity and investment patterns whereas fiscal policies encompassing government spending and taxation measures shape aggregate demand and consumption behavior. This research examines the impact of various economic policy measures on the rate of inflation focusing on their effectiveness time lag effects and interaction with structural and external factors such as supply shocks global commodity price changes and expectations of economic agents. By employing empiric