Abstract

Poverty remains one of the most persistent socio-economic challenges for developing nations and India despite significant economic progress continues to face multidimensional forms of deprivation. Over the decades the Indian government has introduced several poverty alleviation schemes targeting income generation rural development employment creation skill enhancement social security housing healthcare and food security. The effectiveness of these schemes has been widely debated due to disparities in implementation leakages administrative bottlenecks and regional inequalities. This research examines the actual impact of major government interventions such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme National Rural Livelihood Mission Public Distribution System Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Ayushman Bharat and other targeted welfare programmes. Through an expanded analysis of data institutional arrangements soc