Abstract

Environmental policy has become one of the most pressing global concerns of the twenty-first century shaped by rapid industrialization climate change biodiversity loss pollution and growing resource scarcity. Governments international organizations civil society groups and scientific institutions worldwide now recognize that environmental problems transcend national boundaries and require coordinated global action. This research paper explores the evolution structure and effectiveness of environmental policies on a global scale with particular emphasis on international agreements regulatory frameworks implementation challenges and the political-economic complexities of achieving sustainable development. It examines how global actors respond to climate emergencies the role of scientific evidence in policymaking the influence of globalization on environmental governance and the tension between growth and ecological preservation. The study further highlights key international mechanisms s