Abstract

Between 2020 and 2025 India’s higher education system underwent profound reforms following the introduction of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. The policy considered a landmark in India’s educational history sought to overhaul outdated structures and align the country’s higher education framework with twenty-first-century global standards while remaining rooted in Indian traditions and values. This paper examines the trajectory of higher education reforms from the implementation of NEP 2020 to subsequent initiatives until 2025. It explores key features of the reforms such as multidisciplinary education academic flexibility holistic student development the credit bank system increased use of digital technology internationalization and emphasis on research and innovation. The paper also analyzes the role of regulatory restructuring autonomy for institutions and the integration of vocational training. Alongside achievements it critically highlights challenges including funding ga