Abstract

The Indian education system has undergone significant transformations from ancient times to the modern era reflecting the socio-cultural political and economic shifts within the country. It has evolved through various phases including the Vedic period the Buddhist era the medieval period British colonial rule and post-independence reforms. Each phase contributed uniquely to shaping the education system in India influencing pedagogical methods institutional structures and access to learning. The transition from oral traditions and religious teachings to formalized institutional education played a crucial role in the intellectual and socio-economic progress of the nation. The British colonial period introduced Western-style education which significantly influenced modern learning methodologies and policy frameworks. Post-independence India focused on policy-driven reforms aimed at universal education scientific advancements and vocational training culminating in landmark policies such as