Abstract

This critical review examines the complex interplay between media pluralism and concentration highlighting the challenges and implications for democratic societies. Media pluralism which refers to the diversity of media voices and perspectives is essential for a healthy democratic process. However increasing media concentration—where a few entities control a significant portion of media outlets—threatens this diversity. This review explores theoretical frameworks and empirical studies related to media concentration and pluralism evaluating the impact of ownership structures on content diversity and public discourse. It critically assesses policy responses and regulatory approaches designed to mitigate the risks associated with media concentration. By synthesizing existing research and proposing future directions this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics at play and offer recommendations for fostering a more pluralistic media environment.