Abstract

Media pluralism encompassing diversity in ownership content viewpoints and accessibility is essential for nurturing democratic values safeguarding freedom of expression and ensuring that all segments of society are represented within the communicative landscape. In contrast media concentration—where ownership and control become centralized in the hands of a limited number of corporations or politically influenced groups—poses profound challenges to the democratic functioning of the public sphere. Over the past decade both traditional and digital media ecosystems have undergone rapid transformation driven by globalization technological convergence platform monopolies and aggressive corporate expansion. These developments have simultaneously enhanced media reach while intensifying concerns surrounding editorial independence political influence content homogenization and declining diversity of perspectives. This research paper critically examines the evolving relationship between media pl