Abstract

Smallholder farmers who constitute the backbone of agricultural production in many developing regions are increasingly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. These farmers typically operate on limited land with minimal resources and access to technology making them particularly sensitive to climate variability and extreme weather events. This study examines the multifaceted risks that climate change poses to smallholder farmers including altered precipitation patterns increased frequency of droughts and floods and the proliferation of pests and diseases. The exposure of smallholder farmers to these risks is further exacerbated by socioeconomic factors such as poverty lack of access to markets and insufficient support from governmental and non-governmental institutions. Adaptation strategies ranging from the adoption of climate-resilient crops to improved water management and diversification of income sources are critical for enhancing the resilience of these farmers. Howe