Abstract

Space exploration has advanced human knowledge expanded technological frontiers and shaped global cooperation. From the Cold War space race to contemporary commercial ventures space programs have delivered profound scientific insights and societal benefits. India’s ISRO through missions like Chandrayaan Mangalyaan and the upcoming Gaganyaan has established the country as a key player in global space research. This paper examines the scientific technological economic and societal impacts of space exploration analyzing case studies of NASA ISRO ESA CNSA and private enterprises like SpaceX. Findings suggest that beyond scientific discovery space exploration drives innovation enhances global diplomacy and inspires future generations though challenges of funding ethics and sustainability remain.