Abstract

The digital revolution has redefined the boundaries of information sharing communication and connectivity. Yet as technological innovations have expanded the possibilities for human interaction and governance they have simultaneously created unprecedented opportunities for surveillance. This research paper examines how contemporary surveillance mechanisms— enabled by big data artificial intelligence and global digital infrastructure—challenge the foundational principles of privacy and civil liberties in democratic societies. It explores how mass surveillance practices both state-led and corporate-driven have reshaped the relationship between citizens and institutions. By analyzing key case studies legal frameworks and ethical debates the paper highlights the tension between national security objectives and the right to personal autonomy. Ultimately it calls for a rights-based approach to digital governance that protects civil liberties without undermining legitimate concerns around saf