Abstract

The struggle against caste discrimination and social inequality in India is marked by the contrasting yet complementary approaches of two prominent leaders Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Gandhi a proponent of non-violent resistance and spiritual reform sought to eradicate untouchability within the framework of Hinduism emphasizing moral persuasion and the transformation of individual hearts. He believed in uplifting the marginalized through the principles of Swaraj (self-rule) and Sarvodaya (welfare of all) advocating for social harmony and the abolition of caste-based discrimination. In contrast Ambedkar a staunch advocate for the rights of the Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) viewed the caste system as an inherently oppressive structure that needed to be dismantled. His approach was rooted in political activism legal reform and the assertion of civil rights. Ambedkar rejected the caste system and Hindu orthodoxy outright arguing for the conversion to Buddhism as a means